Essay for applaying to the university Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

For applaying to the university - Essay Example I am well-versed in circuits and electronics and enjoy working with items such as resistors, inductors, transistors, and circuits. Computer engineering is another area that I thrive in because of my passion for computers. My background in geometry and calculus should give me an advantage over my peers in the area of mathematics. Algebra is another subject that will help me in my endeavor to becoming an Electrical Engineer. All these subjects will assist me in learning any new concepts that may come up. In addition to my educational knowledge, my life experiences will help me to achieve my goals. I like to meet people from different cultures because it gives me an opportunity to learn something new about the world; I do not claim to know everything that there is to know. In my free time I like to play soccer in order to remain active. I am very excited to hear back from you about my application to your university. I know I can surpass all your

Indoor Tanning Versus Outdoor Tanning Essay Example for Free

Indoor Tanning Versus Outdoor Tanning Essay Tanning in itself can mean several things, one being an activity which utilizes animal skins by making it to useful things, which improves the lifestyle of human beings. Tanning can also mean an activity in which one takes in leisure time to tan his or her body or rather it seems to look like an activity that is physical exercise in nature, as we are going to discuss later in our discussion. Some may even tan to make their skin darker and attractive. This means that, tanning has so many dimensions and those doing it may have different goals of their own to get from it. Everybody likes to vacate the usual daily tiring duties and longs for whether he or she can seek time to relax his or her body and mind for other beneficial activities. There are so many activities that one can take to relax and benefit but depending on what makes one comfortable and at the last minute what they gain and get satisfied. Some people would choose watching movies, playing physical games or video games and other leisure activities. Tanning in itself involves keeping your body skin under sun rays while applying devices to gain something. It can be done in two ways; indoor and outdoor. Under indoor one remains within ones protective premises and uses the indoor devices available for tanning. Sometimes indoor tanning is not advisable as it is risky and can lead to negative effects as will be outlined below. This does not mean outdoor is the best. However it has very many advantages. Outdoor involves going out for example touring other countries or even going to leisure places such as beaches and utilize the tanning facilities available for a proper achievement of ones tanning goal. To start with, indoor tanning creates a big risk to those who do it since it has an ability of causing melanoma the most serious skin cancer in the world. This is most prone when one uses indoor tanning devices in the wrong way. Take for example; a person who uses an indoor tanning bed, raises their probability of developing melanoma to above 74 percent. Though the use of the bed as a device bears the highest chances, it is worth noting that it does not mean the others are the best. Note that the higher the number of frequency of use, the higher the probability of inheriting the cancer. The cancer mainly does not have a target group and all the groups of people either children or adults-young and old face equal dangers. The number of cases of this has been on the increase in the United Kingdom and the drug sector is even discouraging the practice of tanning indoors. Though there have been various methods of indoor tanning like the use of UVB and the use of UVA, research shows that neither method is safe (Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention). More so, it is important for members of the family to gain enough information on how to carry out indoor tanning because, though devices used carry risks, a recent research shows that there are better ways to use them and that can reduce the risks (American Training Institute). Take for example; the use indoor tanning lotions, which provides clients with more beneficial results and therefore improves indoor tanning. The research verifies this (American Training Institute). However it is worth to note that, the results are the best if the lotion is used in a combination of a professional tanning device. But it does not mean that indoor tanning carries the entire side of negatives. In comparison with the outdoor tanning, indoor has a privilege in that, it provides control and one feels comfortable and this creates experience. This is because of the absence of protocols and regulations to govern somebody compared to outdoor. However, some governmental organizations in some countries are trying to introduce control measures on this. Outdoor is what majority of the world population rely on. Many of them visit the beach for tanning. A normal exposure to the sun during outdoor tanning will never give any good results. It is therefore advisable to try and learn the dos and the don’ts of outdoor tanning. Outdoor utilizes different devices from the indoor ones. Some people may happen to buy products to use during their outdoor tanning and at sometime after their tanning they harm them or even cause harmful reaction over their bodies. The difference may be caused by the change in environment for instance the sun rays or even allergic reactions. This adds to the fact that protective measures should be taken into consideration for one to get excellent results after outdoor tanning. When basking on the sun one needs to consume a lot of water to avoid dehydration of the skin, since during this time a lot of it is being lost in the atmosphere unlike in indoor where there are not sun rays. Dryness of the skin results to a rough and a cracked skin, which might be a problem and unwanted to everyone who visits the beach for tanning. It is evident that, under indoor one realizes that it is possible to tan any time. Outdoor has a limitation in that at times, it is not good to bask in the sun during some hours like between 11. 00 a. m. and 2. 00 pm (Angela para. 3). This is when the sun is burning to its maximum. Otherwise one will need to take a lot of water and wear a better sun lotion. It is also good to avoid drinks which might be alcoholic as this will only lead to speeding up the dehydration process. In conclusion, any of them can be better for anybody and its better for one to consider the repercussions and the benefits of whatever choice. Indoor tanning exposes one to very dangerous effects and a lot of knowledge is required before one runs to it. Changing from one to the other is what seems to bring the very best results as limiting oneself to any of them is harmful. In most cases the indoor tanning should be done very carefully. Knowledge of what to do and not is portrayed as the key factor to get the best results. Neither of them is better than the other since, whether indoor or outdoor, the outcome will be the same (Indoor tanning versus outdoor tanning). It is is important to be aware that outdoor sometimes is not reliable since one can get sunburns instead of what he or she wanted. Indoor wins an advantage here since there is the control of the sun rays. It is also important to have the knowledge of your skin, in order to be able to choose the better of the two.

Juvenile Crime Essay -- Juvenile Crime Essays

Juvenile Crime Juvenile crime rates have nearly doubled in most countries. In the news we keep hearing about youngsters got mixed up in shady affairs and committing petty crimes. Firstly they just steal an apple from the market stands, then rob a small shop, next day we learn about a 17-year-old kid who killed his classmates. People are concerned and rightly so. That's all what we do or maybe give them a harsh punishment. It seems that the problem has only focused on punishment and very little on prevention or intervention. There is no single cause of violence but we can certainly list a lot of risk factors, which increase the development of delinquent behavior. These include child abuse and family disintegration, violating behavior, academic failure, school dropout, and lack of contact with the society, fighting with peers and antisocial behavior early in life. In order to reveal the real background of juvenile crime it's obviously not enough to stop at this point. Probably none of the young delinquents were born with aggression, rage and hatred. Their environment and our society have turned them into who they are today. Juveniles have to face the cruel sides of the world too early and they are not well prepared for it yet. Some of them are able to deal with it, some of them are not. The latter shocked by the realization will escape to the world of crimes so trying to hide themselves from all the disappointment. Crime rates are the highest in the more urbani...

What is Plagiarism Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction Because students often are confused about what is and is not plagiarism, I have prepared this handout to help you understand what is acceptable. There are some gray areas and if you have any questions, ask your instructor. Plagiarism is very serious and it can be grounds for failure in a course. So ask first. Another important point is that as you progress in your education the standards become higher. As a College student you are expected to have your own ideas. To read information and explain it in your words. If you complete an assignment by copying material, you are not showing that you understand something. Only that you can repeat what the textbook says. This does not show that you understand. Definition Lets start with a definition: Plagiarize 'pla-je-,riz also j - - vb -rized; -riz ·ing vt [plagiary] : to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own : use (a created production) without crediting the source vi: to commit literary theft: present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source - pla ·gia ·riz ·er n FROM: Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary 9th ed, (Springfield, Ma: Merriam 1981, p. 870). What to do Now what does this mean for you? First, it is unacceptable to copy something out of a book, newspaper, journal or any other printed source. The most blatant example of this is to directly copy something word for word. It does not matter if it is only a phrase. If it is not yours, either do not use it or...

Manging theories and globalization Essay

Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss whether general administrative theories are relevant to managing modern global organisations. It shall be argued that general administrative theories are a basic outline for managers in modern global organisations to refer to, rather than a guide that should be strictly followed while ignoring circumstances that surround the outside environment of the organisation. Introduction Managers these days are constantly being challenged with so many different obstacles, not only within the environment of the business, but from many other exterior sources that may affect their decisions on a daily basis. The early 19th century brought about a number of administrative theorists who defined certain guidelines that management should consider using to achieve success in the organisation. These theories helped to shape businesses in the earlier years and are now simply a foundation for managers to utilise, if needed. However, with globalisation and the ever broadening issues in the world today, such theories will not necessarily be efficient, effective, or relevant in the same organisation in one part of the world, to another on the other side of the globe. In addition to globalisation, there are many internal and external forces that are constantly evolving and unfolding, forcing involuntary transformations of the way objectives may be achieved by managers. For any organisation accomplish their goals it is vital for management to focus on changes that occur inside and outside the organisation, and not just theories that are somewhat out dated or are not necessarily related to todayâ€⠄¢s global companies and environmental issues. General Administration Theories Henri Fayol (1841-1925) was a French management theorist who introduced scientific organisational guidelines of labour, which had a great influence on organisations at the start of the 20th century. Fayol was the first to identify the functions of management which are: managing, planning, organising, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. In 1917 he introduced the fourteen principles of management in French and then later on published them in English in 1949. (Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2006). Fayol’s fourteen principles were a great beginning in defining what management should consider doing in general, especially throughout the industrial age where it was extensively utilised. It is proposed by Hunt (2001. p.1) that the world of work is being transformed at an unprecedented rate, placing increasing pressure on individuals to adapt to the changes around them and to cope with the challenges that emerge from these changes. Fayol’s theories are now being referred to as ‘classical’ administration or ‘Old Public Administration’ against what is now being utilised in the world, ‘New Public Management’ (Olsen 2002). With endless research since the 1900, there still has not been any extensive hypothesises on what managers or leaders do and no clear evidence on what good managers do that is unique. These individuals are believed to have a special visionary and driving force which allows them to inspire their employees to greater efforts, usually resulting in extraordinary performance turnarounds (Craig & Yetton 1995, p.1185). Globalisation and Theories Haque (2002, p.103) interprets globalisation as a process of integrating nations, societies, peoples, and institutions in the economic, political, cultural, and intellectual domains through means such as capital, production, exchange, and information owned and controlled unequally by states, classes, groups, and individuals. Globalisation is no longer constrained by national borders. Australian companies are building properties in the United Kingdom and South-East Asia, German cars are being built in the United States, McDonalds sells its burgers in China, and Japanese cars are manufactured in Australia. The world has defiantly become a global village (Robbins et al. 2006, p.57). Along with globalisation comes a whole diverse standpoint on theories, and how or if they are applied. Between the years of 1980 and 2000, many transitions occurred. This period displayed the industrial age giving way to the economic imperatives of the information era (Hunt. 2001, p.1). Varied surrounding environments nowadays challenge management on a global scale, including Fayol’s methods. There are so many other principles that a manager must consider before resorting back to Fayol’s fourteen principles. For instance internal, external, and specific circumstances these days shape the way a manager manages his or her firm. Some of these issues that need to be taken into consideration relate to suppliers, customers, public pressure groups, competitors, global, economic, political, sociocultural, demographics, and technology matters. Environmental issues are expanding at a rapidly fast rate which is placing pressure on managers to pursue their own intelligent and logically ways and means in managing an organisation that will lead them to gaining the success and profits that is expected. Olsen (2002) suggests that the ‘New Public Management’ portrays a centrally organized and rule-bound public administration as outdated. The public sector is not distinctive from the private sector and the slogan: ‘let the managers manage’ implies fewer uniform, system-wide rules and procedures and more flexibility and decentralization. The public administration is primarily an instrument for efficient service production, governed by a performance-oriented culture with a focus on results, entrepreneurship and efficiency. Environmental Forces Technology is one of the biggest issues that management has had to deal with. Hunt (2001. p5) suggests that our increasingly wired world has effectively been evolving progressively over the past two decades. This dramatic evolution has been driven by two key factors. The first is the widespread commitment on the part of organisations everywhere to accelerate and maximise their levels of competitiveness. The second is the digital revolution, which has resulted in technological developments that have helped to transform the way in which work is carried out. According to Haque (2002, p.106) one of the most effective measures enhancing globalisation has been the internet. It has been predicted that the number of internet users has increased from 26 million in 1995 to 143 million in mid-1998. That figure currently stands at 1,022,863,307 billion as of March 31st, 2006 (Internet World Stats 2006). With the ever increasing and advancing technology, managers need to be able to keep the organ isation streamlined and stable through newer structures and methods of managing, while keeping up with the vast technological variations and competition. Another important issue that has dramatically changed since the introduction of the earlier theories is the political and legal system that surrounds almost any particular business or organisation. Australian managers are accustomed to stable legal and political systems, which change at a slow rate. This may not be the case in many other countries around the globe such as South Africa, South America, and China (Robbins et al. 2006, p.137). Another particular country that places strains on managers, due to constant changes, is Saudi Arabia. Many mangers in Saudi Arabia have to deal with dramatic political and legal system changes that are unexpected and unpredicted. In September 2005, the government of Saudi Arabia passed a law that states â€Å"the number of Saudi workers hired by the employer must be no less then 75% of the total workforce, although the labour minister is entitled to reduce that proportion temporarily† if there is no competent nationals to fill relevant jobs (New Saudisation law comes into force 2005). This dramatic law was applied almost immediately which had managers searching for ways to restructure their organisation in the most efficient, effective, ethical way. Regardless of where the company originates from, organisations had a time period of three months to ensure this percentage was achieved or penalties would apply. Many foreign investors and organisations have relocated their companies, due to this inconvenient law, to the United Arab Emirates, where globalisation is welcomed widely. Others opted to remain and try to bypass the law by employing any Saudi national, qualified or unqualified, just to meet the numbers required. Qualified Saudi nationals are available in remarkably small numbers and are usually highly paid, whereas some of the unqualified Saudi nationals are usually not committed or are irresponsible in employment which leads them to being trained to handle lower and less responsible positions. Yet, some organisations have decided to register Saudi nationals on their payroll, regardless whether they show up to work or not. The advantage of having them on the payroll allows the organisation to meet the conditions of Saudi government without changing the structure excessively. However, this has caused additional overheads leading to a reduction in total profits for these organisations. Managers in such countries face great uncertainty as a result of political instability (Robbins et al. 2006, p.137). Fayol’s theories in situations like this one are totally irrelevant. Managers have to rethink their strategy at any given moment in a much more complicated direction, while the government decides which step to take next, whether it is ethical or unethical. Risk management is an important point that needs to be looked at in organisations also. At the present time, many companies working in unsafe environments thoroughly evaluate and plan risk management, before planning any other organisational objectives. Initial theorists did not contemplate risk management or whether it was needed or not, whereas managers in recent times acknowledge that it is of a high priority in some countries. The September eleven attack is a disaster that no one can forget, especially for the numerous organisations that were in the twin towers. What risk management plans did managers outline prior to this unpredictable incident? The answer is most probably none. Management in the towers at the time may have used some basic administrative theories on that day, but never imagined they that would be dealing with matters beyond any management model or structure. Chief partner for Capco, Joe Anastosia commented in an interview that â€Å"There are new thoughts on human skills, skills you can’t back up on computer. How do you protect your people? How do you protect against intellectual capital loss? Where giving people information on how to leave the building, how to seek out help, and we’re not unique. Most firms are doing that now† (Clark 2001). With the increased pressure of the external environmental forces, managers are exploring and adopting other alternatives to managing that are not included in Fayol’s theories but are in fact more suitable to today’s alternating world. Older theories maybe adopted and applied to non-western countries, but only to a certain extent as several cultural issues may collide with western methods. Expatriate mangers that ignore foreign values and customs and apply an attitude of ‘ours is better than theirs’, will quickly find it hard to compete against other global managers who are willing to understand the cultures that are tied to the organisation where they reside (Robbins et al. 2006, p.122). Successful global management is obligated to have a higher sensitivity to cultural differences, customs, and practices in various parts of the world (Robbins et al. 2006, p.125). GLOBE (Global Leadership and organisational Behaviour Effectiveness) investigating cross-cultural leadership, has been able to research data obtained from 18,000 middle managers in 62 countries. This has lead to nine diverse dimensions on which national cultures differ. These include: assertiveness, future orientation, gender differentiation, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism/collectivism, in-group collectivism, performance orientation, and humane orientation. Such research and investigation has enabled managers to gain additional information to help them identify and manage cultural differences. Jun (2000, p.277) believed that it is difficult to understand or predict the changing contexts of other cultures and nations through a theoretical lens used by post-industrial Western nations. Managers with an open mind and attitude, including easy adaptation, will be able to decipher how to gain success through the understanding of the local culture. As countries are confronted with the need for crisis management and with the uncertainty and ambiguity of coping with turbulent changes, ideographic, inductive, and qualitative approaches to local and national situations seem more useful for understanding different administrative problems as well as diverse ways of dealing with them (Jun 2000, p.284). Individuals, such as managers or leaders, find it difficult to identify key factors that are relevant to a particular situation, even if judgment could be passed through, the factors or mechanisms themselves are usually so limited in its understanding that it is not clear how to manage them. Leadership research has shown that the theories that were widespread in the fifties and sixties were focussed on the behaviour of the leader, with expectation that these were ensuring participation, being concerned with people, and structuring up tasks (Kotter 1990, p.1186). As a matter of choice, present managers seek their own individual ways of m otivating their employees to ensure success for the organisation, with special consideration to the surrounding environments that cause changes inside and outside the organisations environment. Many managers today still refer to the works of Fayol as a basic logically approach in management, yet many other theories have been brought forward, with up-to-date modern recommendations which are more suitable to current managers in the global market. Kotter (1990) suggested that these theories are able to aid managerial competencies. For instance there has been a lot of evidence that if people are set high achievable goals, and are given the skills needed, than performance improves. Leadership is a powerful concept and is increasing. There are many people who ‘produce leadership’, and it is hard not to think they’d made a difference. However, there is never a chance to see what may have happened if someone else had lead that certain organisation at that time. There has been considerable evidence that success relies on a complex pattern of organisational and environmental forces. There is little doubt that successive waves of downsizing initiatives and the drive towards outsourcing key corporate functions have placed greater pressures on managers to ensure that their organisations remain cohesive and integrated while preserving the capacity for innovation and adaptability. Slimmer organisational structures of the present age make it almost impossible for managers to operate according to the old hierarchical paradigms with their concentration being on command and control administrative dimensions. Managers are required to share larger amounts of information these days unlike before, as it has shown that their capabilities to do so influences performance levels of many others around them (Hunt 2001, p.8). Conclusion It is evident that general administrative theories may have been relevant to organisations many years ago when external environmental influences had a lesser affect on the organisation and its structure. The world has changed with the introduction of globalisation and its accelerated growth, which has lead to many changes in the way a manager manages, plans, organises, commands, coordinates, and controls. Without the assistance of any particular theories, managers have been able to deal with internal and external matters with a level-headed, rational and sensible manner which will possibly solve the problem at hand and achieve the organisations main objective. Bibliography Aljezzera Net 2006, New Saudisation law comes into force. Retrieved April 28, 2006, from http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BCED3E8F-DB85-4932-8FED-B16DD840B717.htm Clark, P 2001, ‘Firms deal with displacement’, B to B. vol. 86, no.19, October 15, p. 6 & 21. Haque, MS 2002, ‘Globalisation, new political economy, and governance: A third world viewpoint’, Administrative Theory and Praxis, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 103-124. Hunt, J 2001, ‘The future of work’ in Weisner, R & Millett, B (Eds.) Management and organisational behaviour: contemporary challenges and future directions, Wiley, Brisbane, pp. 3-10. Internet World Stats 2006, Usage and population statistics. Retrieved April 29, 2006, from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stas.htm Jun, JS 2000, ‘Transcending the limits of comparative administration: A new internationalism in the making’, Administrative Theory and Praxis, vol. 22, no.2, pp. 273-286. Kotter, J 1990, ‘What do leaders really do?’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 63, no.3, May-June, pp. 103 – 111. Olsen, JP n.d, ‘Towards an European administrative space?’, Arena Working Papers, retrieved April 20, 2006, from http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp02_26.htm Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. (2006), Management, Prentice Hall 4th edn, Frenchs Forest. Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2006, Henri Fayol. Retrieved April 22, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol

Internet commerce and current tax code essays

Internet commerce and current tax code essays Internet commerce and the complexities of complying with state sales and use tax laws When a citizen of a state purchases goods from a vendor out of the state, usually they do not pay any sales tax to either state involved. Until fairly recently in our nations history, these transactions were made through catalog vendors and represented such a small amount of lost tax revenue that state tax agencies were not concerned enough to take any action. The addition of reliable and trustworthy electronic commerce (e-commerce) technologies in the late 1990s changed the equation somewhat. Now the volume potential of interstate retail transactions has the potential to rival the traditional brick and mortar retail channels. The combination of growing market share for e-commerce companies and cooling economic conditions has many states worried about sales tax income. This has most state taxing authorities asking how, if at all, e-commerce transactions should be taxed? There is much debate on this topic among tax officials, attorneys, lawmakers, and both e-commerce and tradi tional retailers. In my opinion, E-commerce transactions should be taxed as any other interstate retail transaction. To ensure the proper collection of sales and use taxes, e-commerce companies should be required to collect sales tax on behalf of all fifty states. In order to make this requirement logistically reasonable, states will need to dramatically simplify their sales and use tax code. There is a general misconception within the public on the nature of interstate e-commerce transactions and sales tax. Most people believe that if they purchase products from an out of state company via the internet, then the sale is tax free. This perception is caused by some specifics of how taxation is traditionally handled for interstate transactions. Sales tax jurisdiction is destination based. The physical location of the purchaser determines who is ...

10 Resume Writing Tips to Engage the Employer

10 Resume Writing Tips to Engage the Employer The job hunt is on, and in order to get to the interview process you need a resume that will attract your future employer in the midst of all the other stacks he will receive. A reader wrote in asking if she should send a colorful resume on pink or blue paper so that it would stand out in the pile of white and our answer was no. It is not professional; although you dont want your resume sounding like a boring list of things that you do, we do want you to present it in a businesslike manner. Use these steps to a better resume and get your foot in the door towards that coveted interview. Get a Professional to do it Sometimes we just do not know how to put into words what our worth is. If you can afford to invest in your future. This is the best way to go. A professional is going to work hard to make sure that everything that you have listed on your profile sheet is enunciated in the way that makes a potential employer take notice. They will also provide cover letters to make your resume even more professional looking. Speak to the Employer As soon as the reader of your resume picks it up they are looking for the human being behind the words. Passivity will get your resume thrown in the trash pile. You could bore them with this example: Responsibilities: Carried out duties in the mailroom; edited copy; made sure schedules were clocked in. However, you could write replace passive verbs with adverbs and wow them like this: I was in charge of making sure mailroom duties were carried out in a timely manner while editing copy for the senior editor. At the appropriate times I detailed the entry time of employee schedules and reported the documentation to the appropriate supervisor. Wow what a difference, right? Were not saying to over think what you have done, but give it some pizazz. Show that you were active The wording you use will make the difference in what you were doing. Use in charge of, responsible for, coordinate, collaborate, etc. re-read it out loud how does it sound to you? If there are spaces that seem unclear, then it will seem unclear to your perspective employer. Make the words live. Grammar You have an average of 6-10 seconds to make a manager want to interview you, and if your CV is full of grammar mistakes that is a clear sign that you are not detailed oriented. You didnt even take the time to read through your resume to give a good first impression. They read these resumes at top speed and you have to have all of your statements lined up to grab their attention. MS Word is not enough; it may let words slide through just because they are spelled correctly. Read through your resume, and look for things such as comma splices. You can hate them all you want, but they pop up within your writing and you dont even know they are there with corrective software. Why should they hire you? Do your homework before you begin the process of telling your story on your resume. You may have an in-depth beautiful story of your life, but the manager is not looking for that story. He or she is looking for what is it about you that makes you worth hiring. Find out what the company needs and sell from your perspective what you can provide. How are you going to go to a company that needs a writer that has experience using a particular software such as excel and you have never used excel? Putting your value on a pedestal After you find out where their sore spot is, begin to market what you will bring to the table to fix their needs. Is it team building? Unfinished projects? A tarnished brand? Declining sales? How you will solve their problems is what you will fill your resume with, and that will make you valuable to them. Map your life first Before you write a single line of your resume, if you have decided to do it yourself, map out the information with a mapping program or on paper. The link here leads to a good one to use, you can get the free version or one that is for pro-use. Mind mapping comes in handy for more than just resumes, it is good for essay writing, and collaborating on projects. Let the Job Post Be Your Guide Make your resume sound like the language that delivered the job post. It was possibly made with a computer program. Use similar font and style to submit your paperwork, and use the same keywords that were used to call for submissions. Do this for each job posting. Personalize each one for each company. Being Professional Online and with Your e-mail Today it is a good idea to submit your blog along with your resume. Businesses have even asked for your Facebook page information. Before you decide to start sending out your resumes, if your online presence is wild and crazy, clean it up. Your hiring managers will look; they are first and foremost concerned with how their company looks in the eyes of the world. If you are going to represent them, a site with you looking out into the world holding up your middle finger just wont do. Also, get a business sounding e-mail address. Many companies will have business cards made up for their employees and you do not want boomboombetty @ blah, blah, blah on your card, and neither do they. Proofread, Copy, File, Submit After you have proofread your resume, and made sure all the relevant information is included, copy it and keep it in a safe place. This will be changed over time and you do not want to have to start over. Remember every time that you submit your resume to change the date to reflect the day you are submitting. Managers have reported that they receive resumes with dates going back a full year and they have thrown them out. Job-hunting can be a daunting experience; it does not have to be a dead end experience with the right resume. Good Luck in your search!

Diapause - Definition of the Term Diapause

Diapause - Definition of the Term Diapause Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insects life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability. Diapause may occur in any life cycle stage – embryonic, larval, pupal, or adult – depending on the insect species. Insects inhabit every continent on Earth, from the frozen Antarctic to the balmy tropics. They live on mountaintops, in deserts, and even in the oceans. They survive frigid winters and summer droughts. How do insects survive such extreme environmental conditions? Â  For many insects, the answer is diapause. When things get tough, they take a break. Diapause is a predetermined period of dormancy, meaning its genetically programmed and involves adaptive physiological changes. Environmental cues arent the cause of diapause, but they may control when diapause begins and ends. Quiescence, in contrast, is a period of slowed development that is triggered directly by environmental conditions, and that ends when favorable conditions return. Types of Diapause Diapause can be either obligatory or facultative: Insects with obligatory diapause will undergo this period of arrested development at the predetermined point in their life cycle, regardless of the environmental conditions. Diapause occurs in every generation. Obligatory diapause is most often associated with univoltine insects, meaning insects that have one generation per year.Insects with facultative diapause undergo a period of suspended development only when conditions require it for survival. Facultative diapause is found in most insects and is associated with bivoltine (two generations per year) or multivoltine insects (more than two generations per year). Additionally, some insects undergo reproductive diapause, which is a suspension of reproductive functions in adult insects. The best example of reproductive diapause is the monarch butterfly in North America. The migrant generation of late summer and fall goes into a state of reproductive diapause in preparation for the long journey to Mexico. Environmental Factors That Trigger Diapause Diapause in insects is induced or terminated in response to environmental cues. These cues may include changes in the length of daylight, temperature, food quality and availability, moisture, pH, and others. Â  No single cue solely determines the start or end of diapause. Their combined influence, along with programmed genetic factors, controls diapause. Photoperiod – A photoperiod is the alternating phases of light and dark in the day. Seasonal changes to the photoperiod (such as shorter days as winter approaches) cue the start or end of diapause for many insects. Photoperiod is the most importantTemperature – Along with photoperiod, changes in temperature (such as an extreme cold spell) can influence the start or end of diapause. The thermoperiod, alternating phases of cooler and warmer temperatures, also influences diapause. Some insects require specific thermal cues to end the diapause phase. For example, the woolly bear caterpillar must endure a period of chilling to trigger the end of diapause and continuation of the life cycle.Food – As the growing season ends, the diminishing quality of their food sources may help trigger a diapause phase in an insect species. As potato plants and other hosts turn brown and dry, for example, Colorado potato beetle adults will enter a state of diapause. Â   Sources: Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd edition, edited by John L. Capinera.Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, by P. J. Gullan and P. S. Cranston.Biology of Arthropoda, by D. R. Khanna.Developmental Biology, 10th edition, by Scott F. Gilbert.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 10

Globalization - Essay Example ation in supporting poor countries by rich countries and organizations, effects of globalization on cultural convergence, and effects of globalization on individualism and employer movement. Globalization defines extensive networks across national borders for transfer resources and finished products. This has had significant economic impacts on developing countries because of derived benefits from rich countries and rich organizations. One of the major economic benefits of globalization on poor countries is the exploitation of the countries resources. The poor countries are rich in primary raw materials such as agricultural products and minerals but they lack the potentials to exploit the resources. The developed countries, having been industrialized and having exploited most if their resources are in dire need of the resources in the developing countries for sustainability and for economic reasons. The developed countries therefore invest in the poor countries by sending technologies and machineries to aid exploitation of the raw materials. This leads to generation of income for the poor countries and promotes the countries role in global trade towards generation of fo reign exchange and achievement of favourable balance of trade and balance of payment. The flow of investment resources into poor countries and the demand of the poor countries’ raw materials also create employment opportunities for the countries citizens with effects of improved per capita income and living standards (Holton, 2005; Mooney and Evans, 2007). Globalization also promotes the supportive role of developed countries in supporting poor countries through aiding movement of workers across borders. Even though developing countries are rich in human resource, the countries suffer from low employment opportunities and developed countries, which lack human resource, offer employment opportunities for the poor countries’ citizens. This is because of the facilitated communication and employee

Skills Available For Acquisition and Career Building Strategies in Case Study

Skills Available For Acquisition and Career Building Strategies in Directing a Film - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that directing film entails different aspects but all the aspects result in an action that makes the audience realize that a video is actually out for viewing. Elliott asserts that for a film director to reach his or her prime objective, he or she must have come from a long way just as far as from script cutting room all the way to the climax. There are number pathways how someone can become a film director for example; a person may start as screenwriter, actor or film editor. Film directors are such responsible individuals who need to facilitate the differences in film budget limit and the vision of the career. There is number of roles expected from a film director. The directing film assumes different approach and with regard to this, directors give a general outline of the film and letting the actors improvise the dialogue. Other directors are in control of every aspect where they demand the crew and actors to follow all their instructions accurately. Other film directors write the screenplay or edit their film and appear in their film as well. The researcher has thought of directing a film at one point or another. The researcher watched a great movie and believed he could do much better in one of his own films. The author choses this career because it is his passion career because telling a story as well as learning how to construct a movie has been one of the achievements the researcher has always wanted to attain in visual arts and film studies as a whole. Unlike the general trend in film direction, most of the new generation directors are young. In addition, unlike in the ancient time, filmmaking is both artistic and commercial venture.

Entrepreneurship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Entrepreneurship - Assignment Example Though they constitute a major element of the countries growth, very little was done for their growth and development in the past. It is a common misconception that unemployed people call themselves entrepreneurs. But, in reality they provide several basic services necessary for huge corporate companies as well as the local public. The government has started to realize their importance only in the recent days. Government encourages the small and medium level entrepreneurs to get rated because they believe the sole aim of encouraging entrepreneurship is job creation and economic growth. Several steps to improve them are taken from offering them easy loans to giving them subsidies to improve their infrastructure. The major obstacle faced by the SMEs are their inability to garner funds when they are in dire need. Getting a good credit rating will help them demand the finance they require from various agencies with confidence. But, there is little awareness regarding the process and its importance among the entrepreneurs. Credit rating is basically a system which statistically determines a person or businesses ability to pay back the money borrowed. The credit ratings are offered by three financial bureaus Equifax, TransUnion and Experian in the U.S. Their rating for each business might differ slightly. An American citizen is entitled to get a free credit report once in every 12 month from these bureaus. But, they should pay a minimal fee of $7.95 to get a detailed credit rating. An alternate way is to use software like FICO to get the credit rating. People applying for the report will usually get it within 30 to 45 days of application. They bureau takes into account certain features like credit repayment history, current debts and time taken to pay back the previous credits, the frequency of getting credits and the credit type to create the credit

Financing the Short Term Obligations of The Business Coursework

Financing the Short Term Obligations of The Business - Coursework Example Sources of short term finances available to a business 1. Trade credit – this is also referred as suppliers’ credit, ledger credit or open book account. It is needed when commercial purchases are not to be cleared immediately. In this case the company holds an accounts payable for the amount it owes to the suppliers while in turn running business on not paid for bills. Trade credit varies in length, type of customers and terms prevailing in a particular industry. However, the customer has to forego any discounts that would have been offered on prompt payment. The company can resolve to one month single statement bill or even the open book; this is where they have an extra ten days to clear the bill (Guerard, 2007, 108). 2. Bank loans – companies source for commercial loans from banks in order to meet or cover temporary gross working capital needs. The loan can either be secured or nonsecured. Secured loans have a lien against a company’s asset e.g. invento ry, outstanding receivables et cetera, or a pledge of credit, to back the loan. Unsecured loans are issued depending on creditworthiness of the business. The cost of the loan varies with its size and rates charged on the loan. However, a prime rate is used as a benchmark for these types of loans. Other methods used are revolving line where money is lent on a recurring basis; letters of credit where the bank guarantees by writing, the payment of a company’s overdraft for a given period of time and for specified amounts (Gitman, 2003, 24). 3. Open market commercial papers – these are negotiable notes with maturities from a range of one to nine months which are floated on the market by big corporations. Commercial paper dealers sell the issues to pension funds, smaller commercial banks, corporations, insurance companies to raise funds. The rates on commercial papers are however, below the prime rate for loans. The advantage to the company using commercial papers for borro wing funds is that the issue is widely distributed in the national market. This frees the company from relying on commercial banks. 4. Finance companies and factors – large commercial companies are deemed as the departmental stores of the financial world. These companies have subsidiaries or branches where they practice direct sales financing. They are in close contact with dealers of their merchandise therefore can offer goods to be paid for on installments. Their rates are much higher than commercial banks. Factoring arrangements are based on an advance of funds to a company by the factor against an assignment of trade receivables. An agreement is signed between the two companies to govern their relation. This is usually on a continuous basis depending on the terms applied by the two companies. Nonrecourse factoring allows the factor to buy the accounts of the company and takes up the losses thereto. However, in recourse factoring, the factor does not take up the loss on ba d accounts. Either case, factoring charges are based on a firms daily balance, general interest rate, specific factoring agreement and outstanding credit (Guerard, 2007, 115). Question two a) Financing Mark and spencer uses short term borrowings from banks and medium term notes to source for funds. Trade credit has been used for meeting financial obligations. Morrison on the other hand, has applied trade credits, borrowings from banks to source for short term funds. b) Liquidity ratios liquidity ratios for Mark & spencer Current Ratio = Total

BIET 336 (Individual recommendation report) Essay

BIET 336 (Individual recommendation report) - Essay Example This report entails discussions on the methods that criminals use during car theft; with two recommendations on mitigating the incident. Stealing cars has only negative effects in USA; and criminals employ various stealing methods. The Carjacking practice entails taking vehicles through force. Carjacking is very serious because the car owners are mostly assaulted. Carjacking entails criminals driving away the vehicle, after forcing the passengers or operators from the car. Automotive theft also involves fraudulent theft. This entails the unlawful acquisition of cars from the owner or seller, by fraudulent funds transfer. Most automobiles acquired through this unlawful method are immediately resold thereafter (Lesikar 346). The table below illustrates automobile theft increasing statistics in the USA. Criminals use various equipments during car theft. Weapons like firearms or knife are mostly applied during carjacking incidences. The weapons are used to break car windows or threaten the car owner. Spare wires and screw drivers are used for connecting the ignition and the power source during car theft. This power connection enables the criminals to drive away the vehicles. In the 2012 and 2013 analysis of car theft figures by the National Automobile Club; there are cities with decreased car theft rates (Los Angeles, and San Diego). This has been made possible through regular police patrols in the cities. Police on patrol are responsible for conducting random checks on vehicles. Other cities have significant increase in car theft rates (New York and Dallas). This is attributed to increased fraudulent car theft in affected cities. The criminals acquire the cars through unlawful methods. There are significant differences between increased and decreased car theft rates. This is because the two sets of affected cities employ different strategies in curbing the car theft practice; cities which employ effective strategies like

Financing the Short Term Obligations of The Business Coursework

Financing the Short Term Obligations of The Business - Coursework Example Sources of short term finances available to a business 1. Trade credit – this is also referred as suppliers’ credit, ledger credit or open book account. It is needed when commercial purchases are not to be cleared immediately. In this case the company holds an accounts payable for the amount it owes to the suppliers while in turn running business on not paid for bills. Trade credit varies in length, type of customers and terms prevailing in a particular industry. However, the customer has to forego any discounts that would have been offered on prompt payment. The company can resolve to one month single statement bill or even the open book; this is where they have an extra ten days to clear the bill (Guerard, 2007, 108). 2. Bank loans – companies source for commercial loans from banks in order to meet or cover temporary gross working capital needs. The loan can either be secured or nonsecured. Secured loans have a lien against a company’s asset e.g. invento ry, outstanding receivables et cetera, or a pledge of credit, to back the loan. Unsecured loans are issued depending on creditworthiness of the business. The cost of the loan varies with its size and rates charged on the loan. However, a prime rate is used as a benchmark for these types of loans. Other methods used are revolving line where money is lent on a recurring basis; letters of credit where the bank guarantees by writing, the payment of a company’s overdraft for a given period of time and for specified amounts (Gitman, 2003, 24). 3. Open market commercial papers – these are negotiable notes with maturities from a range of one to nine months which are floated on the market by big corporations. Commercial paper dealers sell the issues to pension funds, smaller commercial banks, corporations, insurance companies to raise funds. The rates on commercial papers are however, below the prime rate for loans. The advantage to the company using commercial papers for borro wing funds is that the issue is widely distributed in the national market. This frees the company from relying on commercial banks. 4. Finance companies and factors – large commercial companies are deemed as the departmental stores of the financial world. These companies have subsidiaries or branches where they practice direct sales financing. They are in close contact with dealers of their merchandise therefore can offer goods to be paid for on installments. Their rates are much higher than commercial banks. Factoring arrangements are based on an advance of funds to a company by the factor against an assignment of trade receivables. An agreement is signed between the two companies to govern their relation. This is usually on a continuous basis depending on the terms applied by the two companies. Nonrecourse factoring allows the factor to buy the accounts of the company and takes up the losses thereto. However, in recourse factoring, the factor does not take up the loss on ba d accounts. Either case, factoring charges are based on a firms daily balance, general interest rate, specific factoring agreement and outstanding credit (Guerard, 2007, 115). Question two a) Financing Mark and spencer uses short term borrowings from banks and medium term notes to source for funds. Trade credit has been used for meeting financial obligations. Morrison on the other hand, has applied trade credits, borrowings from banks to source for short term funds. b) Liquidity ratios liquidity ratios for Mark & spencer Current Ratio = Total

Why I want to become a D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I want to become a D - Essay Example On the other side, I like professionalism in workplace environment. I know that a dental assistant must be ready to serve at dental clinics and offices related to the workplace environment of a dentist. Besides, I am aware of the fact that professionalism and flexible work schedule will help me to feel comfortable within this context. I know that Dental Assistant Program will help me to gain upward mobility within my profession/career. Dietz (2001) states that, â€Å"Dental assisting should be considered as a professional, specialized career, thus dental assistants must recognize the importance of their position as a valued member of a dental team delivering efficient and safe healthcare to patients† (p. xviii). One can see that qualification is essential for the success as a dental assistant. I consider the job of a dental assistant as the first step in my career and the selection to the Dental Assistant Program as the first step to achieve the same. To be specific, I know th at dental assisting is a demanding and promising career for me because I am deeply interested in serving the needy. Still, mere serving mentality cannot help an individual to stick on to his/her profession. To be specific, a dental assistant can have attractive salary, based on work schedule and working hours. Besides, acquisition of essential skills can help me to be an experienced and popular dental assistant in future years. At the same time, additional training within this profession can help me to accelerate my professional success by developing myself into a dental hygienist. I like to study new things and I know that my enthusiastic attitude can help me to learn new things and to be successful. I consider that taking care of the needy is an inbuilt quality and I possess the same. One can see that one’s attitude determines one’s success within professional life. To be specific,

Junk Food in Schools Essay Example for Free

Junk Food in Schools Essay The school bell rings, signaling the start of the lunch hour and the kids all head out to the same direction: the cafeteria. After hours of sitting through class after class, their minds get weary from having to cram all that information into their heads. Consequently, the need for sustenance is almost always overpowering. Lining up towards the food counter, the children load up their trays with goodies of their own pickings. A can of Coke, a cheeseburger or tater torts, a bag of Cheetos and a candy bar and they’re on their way to devouring their savory spread. Thousands of schools across the globe are now being seen to serve an array of food that is high in calories and have elevated salt and fat content, not to mention the amount of preservatives in them. Cheeseburgers, fries, pizza, chips, sodas and candy bars have become largely available in today’s cafeterias, providing an unhealthy alternative to the traditional cooked meals. â€Å"Junk food†, as is appropriately coined for food that has low nutritional value, has largely become a favorite on our average youngster’s menu. As such, profit-seeking companies have targeted schools to market such products. Not only are they being promoted in high schools but they have now infiltrated the middle schools as well, knowing that most of these children are probably eating the same amount of junk food in their homes too. Although major cola companies are denying several harmful effects of their products, colas are causing children to be caffeine dependent. Crisps and other snacks may be attractive to [Insert Last name 2] kids in that they taste good but the consumption of these â€Å"empty† calories is the leading cause of obesity in youngsters and obese children could end up having chronic heart problems. Thousands of parents have voiced out their concerns and a lot of people are aware of the threat that this issue poses on the children’s health. Some areas actually pass laws prohibiting schools from turning on vending machines during lunch hours. This measure has proven to be ineffective. Such failure is the culmination of years and years of neglect upon the dietary needs of the children. If adults were more vigilant in supervising such an integral part of their growth, this health issue would not be an issue at all. As a result, what adults can do is to wean these kids from this unhealthy inclination and provide them with a well-balanced, highly nutritious yet equally satisfying fare. Regulations in preparing meals should also be implemented with respect to the children’s vitamin and mineral requirements. Fried products should be kept at a minimum as they are high in fat content, having been fried in oil. Burgers, sausages and other types of â€Å"mechanically recovered meat† should be banned from the cafeteria as well as sweets like candy bars, toffees, mints, chewing gum and savory snacks such as crisps, salted nuts and tortilla chips. These food items contain large amounts of sugar, salt, food additives such as monosodium glutamate and polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fats. The school is a place where the youth, who are to become tomorrow’s adults, go in order to gain knowledge of all the worldly things that they would need in the future. It is a place where they feed their minds but what they are feeding their bodies in a place of learning might someday lead to unseen health problems unless, the serving of highly nutritious and substantial meals can be strictly enforced in the educational system and that the adults who run the schools keep in mind that the children’s health should in no way be compromised. [Insert Last Name 3] Works Cited â€Å"Junk Food Banned in School Meals†. 19 May 2006. BBC News. 11 April 2008. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4995268. stm â€Å"Junk Foods†. 2008. Ask the Dietician. 11 April 2008. http://www. dietitian. com/junkfood. html

Nursing Research with Children: Ethical Guidelines

Nursing Research with Children: Ethical Guidelines SUCAN SUTANTO Introduction: Singapore Guideline for Good Clinical Practice (SGGCP) is the primary regulatory document which needs to be observed when conducting trials in Singapore. Last revised in 1999 by Ministry of Health (MOH), the SGCCP regulate conduct of clinical trials in Singapore along with The Medicine (Clinical Trials) Regulations and the Medicine Act. For all research studies involving human subjects or their tissues and organs, MOH made it mandatory that ethics committees are established to provide scientific reviews of their study protocols. The establishment of this committee involved all hospitals, both government and restructured. Thus â€Å"Institutional review boards† (IRB) was born and its guidelines was designed by The Bioethics Advisory Committee (BAC). IRB play a central role as the gateway for ethnics review of â€Å"all Human Biomedical Research carried out under the auspices of its appointing institution† (MOH 2007 p.04). Individual researcher and institutions bear the ultimate ethical responsibility for governing their research. Based on the IRB’s Operational Guidelines (MOH 2007), three fundamental ethical principles; respect for persons, beneficence and justice must be followed in conducting biomedical research involving human. Potentially vulnerable populations must be given special attention. The following sections will examine one of the vulnerable populationchildren. It is primarily challenging for the Ethics committees in assessing pediatric related research as the above principles discussed may conflict with some issues. Vague definitions of principle of equipoise, minimal risk and informed procedures are some contributing factors. The role of ethic committees in evaluation of risk and their impact in pediatric research will be given more focus. Search Strategy PubMed database is primarily used in the search. Combination of keywords are used including of ‘ethics committees’, ‘research’, ‘children’, ‘pediatric’, ‘risk’, ‘ethics’ and ‘assessment’. Children as a population sampling In Singapore, 21 years is the age of majority under the common law. For any individual below the age of 21, Clinical Trial regulation states that parent’s or legal representative’s consent must be obtained for participation in trials. This present an ethical dilemma where the children’s autonomy become their parent or legal guardian, assuming that they have the children’s best interest at heart. The risk-benefit ratio of the research is then left to parents and IRBs to determine. Risk assessment in pediatric research According to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Pediatric Clinic of North America (Laventhal et al., 2012), there are four definable risk in human research. In Singapore, the risk are less definitive, 2012 BAC guidelines describe only â€Å"research involving minimal risk such as surveys† and â€Å"risks involving more than minimal risks such as those involving invasive procedures† The first level is minimal risk and it can be defined as probability and magnitude of physical or psychological harm that is normally encountered in the daily lives or in the routine medical, dental, or psychological examination of healthy children (HHS 2009). Studies in this category can be carried out even if they do not offer any direct benefit to the child although consent of at least one parent and the child assent is necessary. However this definition is rather vague and carries an inherent issue when applied to pediatric patient such as in the hospital. A survey was conducted on review board chair regarding skin biopsy on newborn and there is actually a split opinion and classification on whether it should be classified as â€Å"minimal risk† (Westra et al., 2011). The second level of risk involves a â€Å"minor increase over minimal risk†. Although there might not be direct benefits to the child, such research might be allowed if it has the potential to yield valuable knowledge. Risks are deemed acceptable if they are comparable to the actual or expected condition of the child, medically or physiologically. In this case, both parents’ consent and child’s assent are required (HHS 2009). The third level of risk is defined as â€Å"greater than minimal or even minor increase over minimal risk† with prospect of direct benefit to the child. Whether the potential benefit justifies the risk must be assessed and determined by IRBs (Laventhal et al., 2012). To determine the risk benefit, IRBs uses component analysis approach. Each intervention or procedure must be evaluated separately. For those components that represent greater than minimal risk, further assessment will be done to determine whether it does or does not hold out the prospect of direct benefit to the enrolled child (Roth-Cline et al., 2011). The component analysis method however has been critiqued as it is standardized to the norm of clinical equipoise to determine the ethical acceptability of protocols. Definitively, clinical equipoise works on the principles of genuine uncertainty on the part of the clinical investigator regarding the comparative therapeutic merits of each treatment arm of a clinical trial and that no one should receive an inferior treatment (Roth-Cline et al., 2011). A dilemma might present itself in trials where data collected is sufficient to doubt the clinical equipoise but not necessarily enough to justify scientific conclusion. An example could be seen in a review of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) hypothermia treatment trial published by Laventhal et al in 2012. It was shown in a number of trials involving more than 600 infants that cooling HIE infants core temperature might help to elevate their condition. These randomized controlled trials managed to show overall improvement in mortality and disability outcomes although some adverse side effects were reported. However, Laventhal et al., 2012 pointed out that current evidence might not be adequate to determine the safety of this therapy and its efficacy. Therefore, whether to make this treatment mandatory for such patients remain to be decided. In this case, there is a dilemma on whether to allow more of such trials. On one hand, given that much evidence already supports the treatment, it would seem unethical to even deny the controlled subjects from such a beneficial treatment. On the other hand, just because a robust scientific conclusion has not been drawn, is it fair to continue to expose the infants to treatments with possible adverse outcomes? For those randomized into non treatment a rm, would there be any potential direct benefits? Yet, to answer those questions and to find out long term safety and efficacy questions, the only way might be to conduct more trials. Even within the IRB chairmen there are variations and application of assessment of risk- benefit potential. Shah et al in 2004(Shah et al., 2004) randomly surveyed 175 chairmen in United for certain intervention on children relative to the prospect risk and direct benefit. Results were surprising. In one intervention, an allergy skin testing, 23% considers it a minimal risk, close to half consider it minor increase above minimal risk and the rest as more than a minor increase over minimal risk. In the case of direct benefit for participants, 60% of those surveyed consider added psychological counselling as a direct benefit, while another 10% consider participant payment as a direct benefit. These divides in opinion indicates that the integrity of risk and benefits analysis by IRBs can be challenged. The fourth risk level exists for trials where there is no prospect of direct benefit with more than a minor increase over minimal risk for the child. Such studies could be allowed if they have high potential to produce very important knowledge. Such cases are not under approval of IRBs, instead they are referred to an experts panels under the federal government. (Laventhal et al., 2012). In a review by Wendler and Varma in 2006, they examine 9 studies assessed by IRBs which fall into the fourth level. IRBs classified different levels of harm; negligible, minor, moderate, severe and catastrophic harm relative to the normal probability a healthy child may encounter in day to day situation. Wendler and Varma then assess the proposed interventions for each study and then compare with the classification given by IRBS.They argued that eight of the studies could actually be categorized into minimal risk instead of the fourth level of risk. A primary example was the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) on healthy children. Known possible harms include nausea, bruising and hypoglycemia. Very minimal adverse events were recorded in thousands of pediatric studies involving IVGTT. Only 1 in 3000 risk of hypoglycemia, it can be resolved with carbohydrates or glucose injection. It is therefore arguable that the IVGTT risk much more minimal in comparison to the 30 in 1000 cha nce of â€Å"minor† harm in average children in their daily routines used as a base of the classification. As such, the review shows that misclassification could occur and valuable research time may be delayed unnecessarily. There is a lack of empirical database on risks of ordinary activities for reference and this might be a contributing factor for the misclassification. It forces the IRB members to rely on their own individuals life experiences to determine the perceptions of risk therefore causing biased. To conclude, pediatric studies have been shown to provide an ethical review challenge. In order to improve the risk analysis and reduce bias, empirical data on the risk of research procedures in pediatric studies as well as database on the risk of daily activities should be collected and better established for reference. There should be standardized guidelines for risk analysis with certain flexibility to account for unique feature of each study (1542 words) References: Bioethics Advisory Committee (2004) Research involving human subjects. Guidelines for IRBs. Singapore: BAC. Available from: http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/index/publications/reports/172-research-involving-human-subjects-guidelines-for-irbs.html [Accessed 28th Jan 2015] Bioethics Advisory Committee (2012) Ethics Guidelines for Human Biomedical Research. Singapore: BAC. Available from: http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/images/uploadfile/32914 PM2012-06-20 BAC Ethics Guidelines (for comments) F.pdf [Accessed 28th Jan 2015] Ministry of Health (2007) Governance Framework for Human Biomedical Research. Available from : https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/Publications/Guidelines/Human Biomedical Research/2007/Governance Frwk for HBR_14-12-07_formatted.pdf [accessed 02 March 2015] Department of Health and Human Services (2009). US code of Federal Regulations, USA, FDA, Available from: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/archive/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html#46.404 [Accessed 28th Jan 2015] Fernandez, C. (2008) Ethical Issues in health research in children. Paediatr Child Health 13(8) 707-712 LAVENTHAL, N., TARINI, B. A. LANTOS, J. 2012. Ethical issues in neonatal and pediatric clinical trials. Pediatr Clin North Am, 59, 1205-20. Ministry of Health (2007) Operational Guidelines for Institutional Review Boards. Singapore: MOH Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/Publications/Guidelines/Human Biomedical Research/2007/IRB Operational Guidelines_14-12-07_formatted.pdf [Accessed 28th Jan 2015] ROTH-CLINE, M., GERSON, J., BRIGHT, P., LEE, C. S. NELSON, R. M. 2011. Ethical considerations in conducting pediatric research. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 205, 219-44. SHAH, S., WHITTLE, A., WILFOND, B., GENSLER, G. WENDLER, D. 2004. How do institutional review boards apply the federal risk and benefit standards for pediatric research? Jama, 291, 476-82. Westra AE, Wit, JM; Sukhai, RN. And Beaufort ID. (2011) How to best define the concept of minimal risk. The Journal of Pediatrics 159 (3) 496-500 WENDLER, D. VARMA, S. 2006. Minimal risk in pediatric research. J Pediatr, 149, 855-61. Wendler, D. and Glantz L. (2007). A standard for assessing the risks of pediatric research: pro and con. J Pediatr 150, 579-582

Change in Massachusetts Politics Essay -- Massachusetts Politics Gover

Change in Massachusetts Politics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Massachusetts has always been known for its politics. From the days of John Hancock and John Adams to the Kennedy Compound and failed Dukakis presidential campaign, the Bay State is, has been, and always will be a hotbed of political activism. But that does not mean that Massachusetts has a vibrant two party system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If anything can be said about Massachusetts, it is that the state and its voters are certainly lop-sided towards one party. Massachusetts currently has Democrats filling all of their US House and US Senate Seats, as well as a 138 of 160 State House seats, and 33 of 40 State Senate seats. The only state-wide office held not held by the Democrats is the Governor’s seat, which is set to be widely contested next year with 7 candidates lining up to face â€Å"incumbent† acting Gov. Jane Swift.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the old days however, the story wasn’t exactly the same. For practically every year before 1928, Massachusetts overwhelming voted Republican. In fact, the first Republican floor leader in the US Senate was Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr., from Massachusetts. Many of the famous Massachusetts politicians that rose to power before world war two were Republicans, including President Calvin Coolidge, who before moving on to Vice President and President, was the Governor of Massachusetts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Somewhat like today’s climate in the state, Massachusetts at that time was also dominated by one party. It just happened to be the Republicans rather than the Democrats. Before Franklin Roosevelt, the Democrats were largely the party of the Southern whites farmers who were ideologically different than the Northern white businessmen that dominated politics and voted largely Republican.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the party switch that is the most interesting and the most available to analyzing. There most certainly was a switch somewhere between the roaring twenties and the great depression, but it not necessarily had everything to do with the money in people’s pockets. The reasons for it are to be further explained. The Industrial Revolution in Massachusetts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Massachusetts during the 1880’s and 1890’s, as in almost every other part of the country, immigrants were arriving at unprecedented levels. Especially in Boston, but in other communities like Lowell, Brockton, Worcester, and Springfield, the demographic of people was slowly ... ...once in 1984 during a campaign in which he lost only one state. Especially evident was in 1972, when Massachusetts was the only state in the nation that did not vote for Nixon in his re-election bid. That vote prompted the â€Å"Don’t Blame Me, I’m from Massachusetts† bumper sticker that still puts a grin on Bay Staters faces today. Conclusion: Massachusetts, A need to be unique   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the Great Depression, the entire nation has been much more supportive of Democrats than they previously were. Most of that support can be attributed to Roosevelt’s New Deal, and the ineffectiveness of Hoover’s Republican strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Massachusetts, however, there has always been a different reason for doing things. This was no different. While the economy may have played a major role, Massachusetts’ change was evident before the â€Å"true† start of the depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Similar changes happened in New York, Rhode Island, and other industrial states. However, Massachusetts has always prided themselves on being a leader and an innovator, and as proved by the analysis into the elections of the 20’s and 30’s, it is evident that this major swing in political beliefs was no different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Social Issues in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye :: Toni Morrison The Bluest Eye

The Bluest Eye Social Issues With The Bluest Eye, Morrison has not only created a story, but also a series of painfully accurate impressions. As Dee puts it "to read the book...is to ache for remedy" (20). But Morrison raises painful issues while at the same time managing to reveal the hope and encouragement beneath the surface. A reader might easily conclude that the most prominent social issue presented in The Bluest Eye is that of racism, but more important issues lie beneath the surface. Pecola experiences damage from her abusive and negligent parents. The reader is told that even Pecola's mother thought she was ugly from the time of birth. Pecola's negativity may have initially been caused by her family's failure to provide her with identity, love, security, and socialization, ail which are essential for any child's development (Samuels 13). Pecola's parents are able only to give her a childhood of limited possibilities. She struggles to find herself in infertile soil, leading to the analysis of a life of sterility (13). Like the marigolds planted that year, Pecola never grew. The concept of physical appearance as a virtue is the center of the social problems portrayed in the novel. Thus the novel unfolds with the most logical responses to this overpowering impression of beauty: acceptance, adjustment, and rejection (Samuels 10). Through Pecola Breedlove, Morrison presents reactions to the worth of physical criteria. The beauty standard that Pecola feels she must live up to causes her to have an identity crisis. Society's standard has no place for Pecola, unlike her "high yellow dream child" classmate, Maureen Peals, who fits the mold (Morrison 62). Maureen's influence in the novel is important. "She enchanted the entire school... black girls stepped aside when she wanted to use the sink in the girl's toilet... She never had to search for anybody to eat with in the cafeteria--they flocked to the table of her choice" (62-63). In contrast, Pecola's classmates insult her black skin by chanting "Black e mo Black e mo Ya daddy sleeps nekked/ stch ta ta stch ta ta" (65). The most damaging interracial confrontation related to color involves Pecola and an adult, Geraldine (Samuels 12). When Pecola enters Geraldine's home at the invitation of her son, Geraldine forces her to leave with words that hurt deeply, saying "Get out... You nasty little black bitch. Get out of my house" (92).

Organizational Behavior: An Analysis of Helm Fire and Rescue Company Essay

Introduction Organizational Behavior is referred to as the study of individuals and their relative behavior subject to the existing organizational environment. The concept applies in a diverse workplace setting in different ways and had diverse impacts to the organization. Organizational behavior field includes communication, sociology, psychology, and management. The concept is subject to both internal and external factors affecting the organization. The formula for success in business as noted by Millstein et al. (1998, p.7) requires two elements including the external environment and the individual. Major scholars have also noted that removing one of these values is impossible within the organization setting. This paper uses report that analyses organizational behavior issues in the context of fire and rescue services. It applies learned theory in the analysis for a compressive understanding of the issues underlying organizational behavior. Definitions †¢Organizational Behavior – It is the study of individuals and their relative behavior subject to the existing organizational environment (Gary 1995, p.128-129). †¢Organizational Development – it is a planned, organization-wide effort to increase an organization’s effectiveness and viability. It is also referred to as a response to change, a complex educational strategy intended to change the beliefs, attitudes, values, and structure of the organization so that they can better adapt to new technologies, marketing and challenges, and the dizzying rate of change itself (Robert 2009, p.297–299). †¢Corporate Planning – From a company’s perspective, corporate planning involves formulating long term business goals so that the strategic planning of an enterprise may be developed and acted upon (Millstein et al 1998, p.7) †¢External Environment – They are the conditions, entities, events, and factors surrounding an organization which influence its activities and choices, and determine its opportunities and risks (Francis & Fred 2009, p.69-76). †¢Stakeholders – These are persons or groups that an organization perceives itself to hold accountability to (Robert 2009, p.297–299). Helm fire and rescue company, provides fire and rescue services in Virginia state. The company has been in the market for  over four years since its start. Over the years, the company has grown and has expanded its services to other states including California and Las Vegas. Over the years, the company has survived the highly competitive market, which have been established across the respective states offering fire and rescue services. The company has employed at least 25 employees in every station across the states holding diverse responsibilities and assigned roles. Its competitive nature and su ccess has been attributed to appropriate handling of organizational Behavior aspects and the strong capacity of streamlining both internal and external elements (Gary 1995, p.128-129). Helm fire and rescue service is organized principally into the two key functions including service delivery and service support both managed by selected managers by the board of directors. The functions are supported by the corporate planning and finance department and the people and Organizational Development department also managed by respective individuals. All the teams operating within the company including the respective departments and fire stations are within the identified areas. The entire team is led by the chief executive officer and his assistant with other departmental heads following the hierarchy including head of communications, head of community fire protection, head of community safety, and the head of unitary performance. The case analysis revealed four principal components as critical to a successful effective organization. The case identified these components as the way in which governance of an organization is facilitated, how it attains and establishes its obj ectives and goals, if it promotes ethics, and if the company maintains healthy organizational aspects. The findings provided from the analysis indicated that a Helm fire and rescue service was an effective organization though in some of the departments, it required improvements. Francis and Fred (2009, p.69-76) was of the view that management must continuously be the main element palpating the pulse of the specific organization and at all times know their opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses. They noted that four cardinal contributors to a success within an organization are the way in which that particular organization is governed, the way it attains and establishes its goals and objectives, its strategies to promote ethics, and if the strategic maintenance of aspects that reflect a healthy organization. To effect change and allow for full operations to take place  at Helm fire and rescue services management has been the key element of consideration. Helm fire and Rescue Company has its mission as being effectively saving property, lives and the environment. The strateg ies implemented to accomplish this mission, and the identified values are subject to management (Millstein et al 1998, p.7). These aspects drive the organization, and management is facing a herculean challenge (Robert 2009, p.297–299). However, the company has thrived in operation with the management facilitating periodic evaluation of diverse components of the organization including success and failure in the year’s operations, communication between departments and environmental conservation. Due to external forces of globalization Kimberly (2009, p.87–110) noted that, in today’s changing environment, it is critical that an organization conducts diagnosis, assessment, audit or evaluation of its operations to analyze whether it is on the right step of success. Helm Service Company has valued this aspect, and it is working hard to oversee that its operations conform to international standards. These external factors have called for the organization to restructure itself and conform to the rapidly changing market. Kimberly (2009, p.87–110) also noted that the main external factors affecting firms in the modern day include competition, changing customer expectations and globalization. In this context, helm rescue services also have faced such factors in its external environment. Technological improvements have been on the frontline of the company’s management, which has been adopted within its services (Gary 1995, p.128-129). These improvements have been targeting rescue service processes geared towards meeting its goals and objectives. The company has also changed its structures to fit efficient rescue services that will also provide safety to for its employees. The structures have been laid including diverse administrative and legislative arrangements (Robert 2009, p.297–299). The fire service company has undergone changes since the beginning of this year with significant indications, a process that has been exacerbated by devolution of the state’s central government powers and the introduction of new legislation policies guiding companies in this line of operation. Other leading external factors that have contributed to change being effecte d in the organization include changes to operational procedures particularly in the modern era of terrorism attacks and threats across the country. Strategic organizational assessment Francis and Fred (2009, p.69-76) has involved the respective teams within Helm fire Service Company assisting in identifying and finding the real organizational problems. The teams have cooperated to express concisely the way forward for the organization in its expansion of services (Silverthorne 2004, p.592–599) to other states. The strategies adopted in organizational development include an introduction of free services that are categorized under exceptional services that are charged for by other service providers. The company has also established additional services free to the end user especially to be used in the case of an emergency. With such strategies the company handles the competitive market appropriately and it has been thriving well across states with its operations. Robert (2009, p.297–299) noted that organizational assessment is a excellent facilitator of organizational change and what is acceptable in enabling organiza tions to continually improve and develop their performance capabilities. In its structural reforms, Helm Service Company has also looked into governance issues. Governance is a broad concept used in the organization to define an organization’s exercise of control or authority and the management system (Gary 1995, p.128-129). In general, governance is the internal means through which a firm establishes policies which are ideal in determining control mechanisms, establishing decision-making processes, allocating power, and setting up procedures that help to perform specific tasks (Francis & Fred 2009, p.69-76). At Helm fire and rescue service, governance has been transformed to comprise of the internal relationships with a strong consideration of its stakeholders, managers and boards of directors. Organizational governance is what Helm has embarked on indulging a process that involves consultation by administrators as well as other governing boards in all decision making to ascertain that decisions made are appropriate for the company’s growth and development of a competitive edge. Conclusion The concept of organizational behavior applies in a diverse workplace setting in different ways and had diverse impacts to the organization. Organizational behavior field includes communication, sociology, psychology, and management. The concept is subject to both internal and external factors affecting the organization. At Helm fire and rescue services, this concept  has been applied diversely and it has worked for the company in improving its performance and sustaining growth within the market. Proper application of the concept has also worked well for the company in sustaining its competitive advantage across the market, which is ideal for its long-term survival. References Francis, J. & Fred, D 2009, A newer organizational behavior, in Francis, Y. and Fred, D. (ed.) Multi-Level Issues in Organizational Behavior and Leadership (Research in Multi Level Issues, Volume 8), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.69-76. Gary, D 1995, Managing Organizations in an Era of Change, Florida: Dryden Press, pp. 128-129 Kimberly, E 2009, the effects of social comparisons on managerial career satisfaction and turnover intentions, Career Development International, 14(1), pp. 87 – 110 Millstein, Ira, et al 1998, Corporate Governance: Improving Competitiveness and Access to Capital in Global Markets, London: OECD. p. 7 Robert, L 2009, Positive Organizational Behavior, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(3), pp. 297 – 299 Silverthorne, C 2004, the impact of organizational culture and person-organization fit on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(7), pp. 592 – 599

Effective communication Essay

Effective communication is vital for every organisation such as United Confectionary Ltd. It starts with the selection, recruitment and employment of qualified, skilled and experienced people. This guidance sheet for the new staff handbook should direct you through the recruitment and retention process. The first step of the recruitment process is to identify a job role. A vacancy may occur as more jobs are created as the business expands or restructures, also the retirement or dismissal of an employee can create a vacancy. The promotion of the jobholder can lead to a vacant job role or the jobholder could of left for alternative employee elsewhere. Once the business has notification of a vacancy, the next step is to create a job description. The job description is drawn up by the jobholder and has to include the job title and location, the main purpose of the job, a detailed list of the main tasks involved and the standards that are required by the company, the amount of pay and other benefits and lastly the person to whom the jobholder reports to. Using all the features needed I have made an example job description for United Confectionary Ltd who need to employ a sales team to be led by a sales director. To begin the job title would be sales director, the location of job is London and the department is sales . The main purpose of the job is make sure the sales team use the website created to help United Confectionary Ltd to maintain there position as the forefront of the confectionary market. The main tasks involved is to keep the website up and running without problems and to deal with sales directly from retailers and also making sure the sales team are doing their job correctly. The pay would à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35,000 and benefits such as a company car. The person to who the sales director would need to report to would be the manager. In the job description you will also need to include a person specification. A person specification details the quality of an model candidate, which includes their health, qualifications, general intelligence, special skills, interests, personal qualities and personal circumstances. The person specification is usually written in smaller font under the job description, using all the appropriate details I have made an example person specification for the job description above. To start you need to have details of health, such as not being allergic to such things as chocolate. You would need to have minimum qualifications such as GCSEs in Maths, English and I, a-level is business and a minimum degree of 2.1 in Sales Marketing. Specials skills and general intelligence would be to have the ability to use the Internet comfortably and to create spreadsheets and databases. Work related experience would need to be included such as a year working an in general office environment. Interests would include hobbies for instance painting and cooking. Personal qualities would be to have the ability to work in team, having good organisational skills, able to prioritise workloads and good communication skills. The next step is to advertise the vacancy. There are traditional ways of advertising and more modern ways mainly Internet based methods as I will explain. The traditional ways of advertising a vacancy is in the local newspaper, the local shops in their windows, posters, career fairs and word of mouth. The more modern Internet based ways of advertising are advertising on your own website, on job websites or by web advertisement. After adverting the vacancy to reduce time and costs in advertising it may be more suitable to find an appropriate candidate internally. The advantages of finding candidates could increase motivation to work, opportunities for promotion will attract better staff to join the business, internal candidates are familiar with organisation and know most of the training and relevant information about the business. Also the candidates are known to the business meaning other workers have a existing working relationship with them. However there are disadvantages to finding candidates internally such as promotion may bring conflict, which could result, to workers leaving and an unhealthy work relationship. This also creates another vacancy that needs to be filled and also promoted employees may be expected to pick up a job without adequate time or training. You could also find candidates externally through schools, colleges and universities, job centres, employment agencies, recruitment consultants, advertisements in newspapers and professional journals. The advantage of finding candidates externally is that you have a wider range of applicants, there may be more suitable applicants and candidates may contribute new ideas to the organisation. Disadvantages of finding candidates externally is that is more expensive, new employees may need training and time to create a good working relationship with the employer and also external candidates are more aware of the job market. The next step is short listing. When applications have been received such as paper based curriculum vitae, application forms and online curriculum vitae and application forms. The most suitable candidates for the next stage must be identified. Candidates are short listed if they meet agreed criteria’s such as qualifications and experience, which is in the person specification. An impressive job application may help a candidate to get on the shortlist. Once a short-listed has been created the references are checked to confirm the list. The next step is to interview the candidates on the short list. When interviewing applicants you need to look at employability skills such as suitable qualifications, experience, knowledge of your products, being able to meet targets and the ability to observe a raise standards. Staff are an important part of every business. Keeping staff is very important for a business. This is known as staff retention. Retention is keeping employees at the workplace for as long as possible to benefit from their experience. Also if an employee joins the business and then decides to leave quickly the business has to go through the recruitment process again which costs time and money. They try to avoid this as it costs lots of money and also staff can begin feeling fed up and unhappy as they may have to do extra work until a new employee is recruited which could take time. Business have a measurement to work out how long staff are staying within the business and are able to work out targets to maintain a trend. The key measurement used is known as staff turnover where the number of staff leaving is worked out as a percentage of all employed staff of that year. This is how the percentage is worked out: Number of staff leaving in a year Average number of staff employed in that year This helps the business to monitor trends to see how many employees are leaving and to see if there is a problem with their human resources and what could be done to improve it. Tom improve staff retention rates the business can offer pay rises, praise to the employees, promotions, bonuses, discounts to their products and services, more holiday allowance and giving workers to chance to earn more money by offering overtime.

Risk management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk management - Assignment Example Therefore, in order to reduce the effects of risks so as to maintain the functioning of the organization in an effective way, risk management practices are extremely essential. It is because; it is the most synonyms term associated with each and every business organizations. What is risk management? Risk management is recognised as the process to identify, assess and control varied types of business risks by implementing various strategies and policies. However, in spite of implementation of varied types of strategies, some of the risks are entirely unpredictable in nature and so it’s beyond one’s control. Therefore, it might be stated that risks management is one of the most essential requirements of any organization, operating successfully or desiring to enter into a new foreign market. This paper is divided into four parts highlighting the significance of risk management processes. Along with this, it also describes about the most essential risk management decisions of an organization entering a foreign market. Side by side, it also describes the importance of direct costs and its benefits for an organization, while entering a new market. ... Side by side, any organization desiring to enter into a foreign market also tries to enhance its brand image and equity in the market among other contenders. However, prior entering any new foreign market, an organization desires to make an evaluation plan to analyse and identify the upcoming risks or challenges. It is done so that the members of the organization might plan for the strategies that might resolve those risks. Therefore, the risks that might be faced by an organization in entering a foreign market are described below- Political risks- this type of risks arises, when the government of a country suddenly changes its policies and strategies. However, such changes in the policies create high level of risks mainly for the new entrants (Khatta, 2008, pp. 457-469). This is because, as the organization newly entering a foreign market is entirely unaware about the policies and regulations so it affects negatively over its operations and functions. As a result, it reduces the tot al sale and profit margin of the organization among other contenders. Therefore, in order to stabilise the operations, management of the organization tried to implement the strategies according to the rules and regulations of that country (Tarantino, 2010, pp. 467-489). Legal risks- this type of risks arises due to changes in laws of the country such as tariffs and quotas etc. Due to which, it affects significantly on the operations and profit margin of a new entrant thereby declining its brand image and reputation in that market among others. Therefore, in order to cope up with such dilemma, the organization desires to enhance its profit margin and product lines to attract more customers. Social risks- the changes in the customer habits and preferences